CVE-2023-49097

highpriority · track · 35EPSS 0.008 · 55 %ileEUUS
grimoire priorityP2 · Scheduled
Exploitable?
—
no known exploitation
Likely / severe?
0.77% (55th) EPSS
CVSS 8.8 · high
Is it mine?
9 products
Check your exposure
Who says so?
4 sources
cnnvd · enisa_euvd · nvd · osv

EPSS · scored 2026-10-27

ZITADEL is an identity infrastructure system. ZITADEL uses the notification triggering requests Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host header to build the button link sent in emails for confirming a password reset with the emailed code. If this header is overwritten and a user clicks the link to a malicious site in the email, the secret code can be retrieved and used to reset the users password and take over his account. Accounts with MFA or Passwordless enabled can not be taken over by this attack. This issue has been patched in versions 2.41.6, 2.40.10 and 2.39.9.

01

cvss

Technical severity, 0–10. One row per scoring source.

8.8
010

base score 0–10 · higher = more severe · hover a vector to decode

v3.18.8highCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:Hprimary · NVD / NIST USexploitability 2.8 · impact 5.9
v3.18.1highCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:Nsecondary · ENISA EU
v3.18.1highCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:Nsecondary · security-advisories@github.comexploitability 2.8 · impact 5.2
v3.18.1highCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:Nsecondary · OSV
v3.18.1highCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:Usecondary · CVSS-BT (t0sche)
02

ssvc

A stakeholder decision — act, attend, or track — from exploitation and impact.

Exploitation: none · Automatable: no · Technical Impact: totalcoordinatorcisa_ssvcUS
03

weaknesses

The CWE weakness classes this flaw belongs to.

04

affected products (9)

Products and version ranges known to be affected.

05

advisories (1)

Vendor and ecosystem advisories describing this.

  • GHSA-2wmj-46rj-qm2wZITADEL Account Takeover via Malicious Host Header Injection2023-11-29ghsa · osvUS

    ### Impact ZITADEL uses the notification triggering requests Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host header to build the button link sent in emails for confirming a password reset with the emailed code. If this header is overwritten and a user clicks the link to a malicious site in the email, the secret code can be retrieved and used to reset the users password and take over his account. Accounts with MFA or Passwordless enabled can not be taken over by this attack. ### Patches The patched ZITADEL versions verify, that the auth requests instance is retrieved by the requests original domain (from the Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host headers if available). If the instance can't be found using the original host or the auth request can't be found within that instance, ZITADEL throws an error. 2.x versions are fixed on >= [2.41.6](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.41.6) 2.40.x versions are fixed on >= [2.40.10](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.40.10) 2.39.x versions are fixed on >= [2.39.9](https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/releases/tag/v2.39.9) The vulnerablility was introduced with 2.39.0. ### Workarounds A ZITADEL fronting proxy can be configured to delete all Forwarded and X-Forwarded-Host header values before sending requests to ZITADEL self-hosted environments. ### References None ### Questions If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please email us at [security@zitadel.com](mailto:security@zitadel.com)

06

also known as (3)

Other names and identifiers for this entity.

07

sources

Which sources assert this record, and when.

published 2023-11-30modified 2026-06-17
08

references (3)

External citations — patches, advisories, analysis.

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