CVE-2015-7225

lowpriority · track · 22EPSS 0.021 · 81 %ileEUUS

grimoire priorityP3 · Track

Exploitable?

—

no known exploitation

Likely / severe?

2.06% (81st) EPSS

CVSS 3.5 · low

Is it mine?

3 products

Check your exposure

Who says so?

4 sources

cnnvd · enisa_euvd · nvd · osv

EPSS · scored 2026-10-28

Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.

cvss

Technical severity, 0–10. One row per scoring source.

5.3

010

base score 0–10 · higher = more severe · hover a vector to decode⚠ sources disagree · low–medium · 3.5–5.3

v2.03.5lowAV:N/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:N/A:Nprimary · NVD / NIST USexploitability 6.8 · impact 2.9

v3.05.3mediumCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:Nprimary · NVD / NIST USexploitability 1.6 · impact 3.6

v3.05.3mediumCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:Nsecondary · OSV

v3.04.9mediumCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:Usecondary · CVSS-BT (t0sche)

weaknesses

The CWE weakness classes this flaw belongs to.

CWE-254USprimary

affected products (3)

Products and version ranges known to be affected.

n/a n/a≤ n/aenisa_euvdEU
tinfoilsecurity devise-two-factor≤ 1.1.0nvdUScpe:2.3:a:tinfoilsecurity:devise-two-factor:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
RubyGems devise-two-factor< 2.0.0osvUSpkg:gem/devise-two-factor

advisories (1)

Vendor and ecosystem advisories describing this.

GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)2018-08-28ghsa · osvUS
Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow [RFC 6238 § 5.2 ](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6238#section-5.2) and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or "shoulder surfing", and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.

also known as (3)

Other names and identifiers for this entity.

sources

Which sources assert this record, and when.

cnnvd enisa_euvd nvd osv NVD CVE.org MITRE

published 2017-09-06modified 2026-06-17

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+795 more

references (18)

External citations — patches, advisories, analysis.

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