T1091 Replication Through Removable Media

Enterprise

Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself. Mobile devices may also be used to infect PCs with malware if connected via USB. This infection may be achieved using devices (Android, iOS, etc.) and, in some instances, USB charging cables. For example, when a smartphone is connected to a system, it may appear to be mounted similar to a USB-connected disk drive. If malware that is compatible with the connected system is on the mobile device, the malware could infect the machine (especially if Autorun features are enabled).

01

platforms

Platforms this applies to.

Windows
02

tactics

ATT&CK tactics this technique serves.

03

mitigations

ATT&CK mitigations that reduce this.

06

NIST CSF 2.0 — areas of relevance (Protect / Detect)

NIST CSF 2.0 areas this most relates to (evidence-ranked).

Derived from MITRE CTID (Apache-2.0) and the NIST 800-53 ↔ CSF crosswalk (public domain). Indicative relevance along the Protect/Detect axis — not a compliance assessment or coverage claim.

07

mitigating controls (10)

Security controls that mitigate this.

08

known-exploited CVEs (6)

Related CVEs.

IDseverity exploitable
CVE-2025-24991US—OT criticalKEV
Out-of-bounds read in Windows NTFS allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
CVE-2025-24985US—OT criticalKEV
Integer overflow or wraparound in Windows Fast FAT Driver allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
CVE-2024-53197US—OT criticalKEV
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: usb-audio: Fix potential out-of-bound accesses for Extigy and Mbox devices A bogus device can provide a…
CVE-2024-53150UShigh7.1OT criticalKEV
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: usb-audio: Fix out of bounds reads when finding clock sources The current USB-audio driver code doesn't…
CVE-2024-53104UShigh7.8OT criticalKEV
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: uvcvideo: Skip parsing frames of type UVC_VS_UNDEFINED in uvc_parse_format This can lead to out of boun…
CVE-2024-50302USmedium5.5OT criticalKEV
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: HID: core: zero-initialize the report buffer Since the report buffer is used by all kinds of drivers in variou…
09

attack patterns (1)

CAPEC attack patterns that exploit this.

10

groups (8)

Threat groups associated with this.

11

software (20)

Malware and tools associated with this.

13

source

Where this definition is published.