CVE-2025-26622

Vyper's `sqrt()` builtin uses the babylonian method to calculate square roots of decimals. Unfortunately, improper handling of the oscillating final states may lead to sqrt incorrectly returning rounded up results. the fix is tracked in https://github.com/vyperlang/vyper/pull/4486 ### Vulnerability Details Vyper injects the following code to handle calculation of decimal sqrt. x is the input provided by user. ```python assert x >= 0.0 z: decimal = 0.0 if x == 0.0: z = 0.0 else: z = x / 2.0 + 0.5 y: decimal = x for i: uint256 in range(256): if z == y: break y = z z = (x / z + z) / 2.0 ``` Notably, the terminal condition of the algorithm is either `z_cur == z_prev`, or the algorithm runs for 256 rounds. However, for certain inputs, `z` might actually oscillate between `N` and `N + epsilon`, where `N ** 2 <= x < (N + epsilon) ** 2`. This means that the current behavior does not define whether it will round up or down to the nearest epsilon. The example snippet here returns 0.9999999999, the rounded up result for sqrt(0.9999999998). This is due to the oscillation ending in N + epsilon instead of N. ```vyper @external def test(): d: decimal = 0.9999999998 r: decimal = sqrt(d) #this will be 0.9999999999 ``` Note that `sqrt()` diverges from `isqrt()` here -- `isqrt()` consistently rounds down, so it is not subject to the same issue. ### Impact Details Since `sqrt()` can be used for determining boundary conditions, rounding down is preferred. However, since `sqrt()` is used very rarely in the wild, this advisory has been assigned an impact of `low`.

vyper is a Pythonic Smart Contract Language for the EVM. Vyper `sqrt()` builtin uses the babylonian method to calculate square roots of decimals. Unfortunately, improper handling of the oscillating final states may lead to sqrt incorrectly returning rounded up results. This issue is being addressed and a fix is expected in version 0.4.1. Users are advised to upgrade as soon as the patched release is available. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.